CRINQ Descriptive, Inferential, Clinical Statistics Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What does the F-ratio in ANOVA represent?
• Which statistic is primarily used to draw conclusions about populations?
• Which data type has a meaningful zero and equal intervals, classifies as the highest level of measurement among the options?
• Which of the following are common post-hoc tests?
• How does Kruskal-Wallis extend Mann-Whitney to more than two groups?
• What does a calibration slope indicate in a risk prediction model?
• What does a z-score of 0 represent in a standard normal distribution?
• What does a 95% confidence interval for a population mean represent?
• Why is a study with insufficient power (too small a sample size) considered problematic?
• What is the purpose of adjustments for multiple comparisons and name two methods?
• Which test is the parametric method for assessing the relationship between two continuous variables (correlation)?
• If only one statistical test is conducted, the Bonferroni correction is generally...
• Differentiate MCAR, MAR, and MNAR in the context of missing data.
• Post-hoc testing is implemented when...
• What is the difference between sampling bias and measurement error?
• For experiments with two independent variables, which analysis is typically used?
• Which non-parametric test is described as the analogue to the t-test for independent samples?
• What statistical error occurs when a true difference exists but the study fails to detect it?
• Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) implies that if the observed change is smaller than the MDC, the change is most likely due to measurement error.
• What does NNT represent?
• Bonferroni correction is most appropriate when there are many tests and strict control of false positives. Which option best reflects this idea?
• Which method controls the family-wise error rate and is performed in a stepwise fashion?
• If a study reports p = 0.18 and alpha is 0.05, the conclusion is
• How does high variability within groups affect a study's power?
• Which of the following is NOT a clinical purpose of measurement?
• What is a post-hoc test?
• Inferential statistics are used to
• What does a mixed-design ANOVA involve?
• What assumptions underlie the independent two-sample t-test?
• Descriptive statistics aim to
• Which statement about calibration plots and discrimination is true?
• Which category includes measures like Kappa and ICC?
• Non-parametric tests are particularly useful in which scenarios?
• Friedman’s ANOVA is used for which data scenario?
• What value of a correlation coefficient is typically considered good to excellent?
• Which statement best defines minimally clinically important difference (MCID)?
• The Chi-Square test evaluates whether proportions of subjects in each category are independent of each other. The Chi-Square test is used to evaluate independence between which type of variables?
• What does an interaction effect in a two-way ANOVA describe?
• When is a paired t-test appropriate?
• The term 'true zero' refers to
• Distinguish between one-way ANOVA and repeated-measures ANOVA.
• How do multiple imputation techniques handle missing data?
• What does the prefix para in parametric statistics signify?
• When is the Chi-square test of independence appropriate and what are the key requirements?
• What is a ROC curve and what does AUC measure?
• What does censoring mean in survival analysis?
• Under what condition can a null hypothesis be rejected?
• In the context of multiple testing, Bonferroni correction is described as a method to
• Attrition in a study refers to which issue?
• Which analysis includes all randomized participants, preserving randomization?
• Which statement accurately describes Bonferroni correction regarding multiple testing?
• In the material's terminology, Multivariate ANOVA is described as involving more than one what?
• Clinically relevant statistics are used to
• What is the effect of increasing sample size on Power?
• Which of the following is an example of ratio data?
• When is the Bonferroni correction typically applied?
• The Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric method for comparing three or more what?
• If the difference between two group means is 50 units and the within-group standard deviation is 60 units, which best characterizes the situation?
• When would you use a log-rank test?
• Which is an example of interval data?
• Which metric is commonly used to compare the probability of an event between treatment and control groups in a binary outcome trial?
• Which ANOVA involves two independent variables?
• Which of the following is a consequence of applying the Bonferroni adjustment?
• Which test is the parametric method for comparing two means?
• MANOVA stands for which of the following?
• If p > alpha, what is the appropriate action regarding the null hypothesis?
• Which approaches address confounding in observational clinical research?
• Which error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but you reject it?
• What is NNH and how is it interpreted?
• Which statement correctly differentiates Pearson and Spearman correlations?
• Which of the following tests are associated with the association/validity category?
• Which nonparametric test would you use for comparing two independent groups when the outcome is ordinal or not normally distributed?
• If expected cell counts in a contingency table are small, which test is more appropriate than the chi-square independence test?
• What does a p-value represent?
• If a study reports a 95% CI for the mean of (2.1, 5.7), which interpretation is correct?
• Which of the following is a category of statistical tests focusing on reliability?
• How would you compute a 95% confidence interval for a proportion?
• Which statement correctly differentiates relative risk from hazard ratio?
• What is Type I error?
• Parametric statistics are typically associated with which types of measurements?
• In survival analysis, what is the survival function S(t)?
• Ordinal data are characterized by...
• Which statement about NNT is true?
• What are the empirical rule properties for a normal distribution?
• What is the purpose of ANOVA?
• Which statement best describes descriptive statistics?
• MANOVA is appropriate when there are multiple dependent variables. True or false?
• In simple linear regression, if R-squared is zero, what does that indicate about the model?
• Which statistical test assesses differences in matched pairs when the outcome is ordinal?
• Which statement describes calibration and discrimination, and how would you improve them?
• MDC definition.
• Are continuous variables parametric?
• What does alpha represent?
• The non-parametric test for comparing two independent groups is the Mann-Whitney U.
• How do skewness and kurtosis affect interpretation of descriptive statistics?
• Which test is appropriate for comparing a continuous outcome across three or more independent groups with normal distribution assumptions satisfied?
• Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?
• The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test is used for which type of groups?
• Dichotomous data are...
• When alpha is 0.05, is a p-value of 0.01 more significant than a p-value of 0.04?
• Which problem does Bonferroni correction address?
• Which error occurs when the null hypothesis is actually false, but the test fails to reject it?
• In a perfectly normal distribution, mean, median, and mode are
• At an alpha level of 0.05, what does this imply about the risk of Type I error?
• Which test compares observed frequencies with expected frequencies in categorical data?
• When would you apply a log transformation to data?
• Nominal data are best described as:
• Interval data vs ratio data: which statement is true?
• In the get-up-and-go test, time is measured in seconds. What type of data is this?
• Which study design is considered the gold standard but may be costly or have ethical constraints?
• What is statistical power and what factors influence it?
• Which of the following is NOT a primary assumption of parametric statistics?
• Which test is used to test independence between two categorical variables in a contingency table?
• Descriptive statistics vs inferential statistics: descriptive statistics are used to
• Parametric tests for normally distributed continuous data include
• Bonferroni correction is used to control which type of error?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between Type II error and statistical power?
• In time-to-event analysis, what does a hazard ratio compare?
• What is the goal of intention-to-treat analysis?
• In a two-way ANOVA, how many independent variables are analyzed and how many means are compared?
• Non-parametric methods are generally more robust than parametric methods.
• Which test would you use to compare three or more related samples when the data are not normally distributed?
• With alpha = 0.05, what percentage of the time are differences due to actual differences rather than chance?
• What is the primary purpose of a t-test?
• How does higher variance affect the overlap between control and treatment groups in a distribution?
• Explain the concept of intention-to-treat analysis.
• Which of the following are common confounding variable categories in intervention research?
• What does a narrow confidence interval indicate about the precision of the estimate?
• Which test is a non-parametric method for assessing the relationship between two continuous variables (correlation)?
• In a multivariable model, what indicates multicollinearity, and how can you detect it?
• What problem arises when performing multiple post-hoc pairwise comparisons after ANOVA?
• In a one-way ANOVA, how many independent variables are analyzed and how many means are compared?
• Which category includes diagnostic accuracy metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios?
• Which data type cannot be used with parametric tests as interval or ratio data?
• What is a consequence of multicollinearity among predictors?
• Which statement about hazard ratio interpretation is correct?
• The IQR equals which of the following?
• Levels of an independent variable in ANOVA refer to what?
• Interpret a z-score of 2.0 in a standard normal distribution.
• If p-value is greater than 0.05, what is the correct interpretation at the 5% significance level?
• Which bias is most effectively reduced by using blinded assessors and objective endpoints?
• The non-parametric alternative to a one-way ANOVA is Friedman's ANOVA.
• What is the primary purpose of the Bonferroni correction?
• What does a p-value greater than 0.05 indicate about the groups in a statistical test?
• Which test is the parametric alternative to the Mann-Whitney U for two independent groups?
• What is the null hypothesis in a correlation analysis?
• Which factors are needed to compute sample size for a trial with time-to-event outcomes?
• p-value is the actual probability that the observed difference occurred by chance alone. Which choice best describes this statement?
• The MMT rating system is an example of which data type?
• How does the Bonferroni correction affect the per-test alpha level?
• Which statement about p-values and effect sizes is true?
• NNT definition.
• Which statement describes ratio data?
• In the court case analogy, what does the null hypothesis represent?
• Alpha is defined as which of the following?
• What does p < 0.05 indicate?
• Which statistical error is defined as rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true?
• Which statistic is a measure of central tendency?
• What is the typical range for AUC on an ROC curve?
• What is the IQR and how is it used to identify outliers?
• What is meta-analysis and when would you use fixed vs random effects models?
• Which correlation is most appropriate for ordinal data or nonparametric relationships?
• In a design with one independent variable having two groups, which analysis compares group means?
• The alternative hypothesis is best described as?
• Power in statistical testing is best described as which?
• Name of the test that controls alpha inflation when several means are being compared.
• Which of the following is an inferential statistic?
• When should you prefer the median over the mean as a measure of central tendency?
• If Bonferroni correction is applied, what happens to the likelihood of missing true effects?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between correlation and causation?
• An AUC of 0.5 on an ROC curve indicates what level of diagnostic ability?
• Which statistical test is used to compare means across three or more groups with a continuous outcome?
• Which test is the parametric method for reliability?
• When do you reject the null hypothesis?
• Which is a measure of variability in descriptive statistics?
• Which option correctly matches a bias with its mitigation strategy?
• Which data pattern suggests applying a log transformation to stabilize variance?
• Which of the following describes the conventional thresholds for small, medium, and large effect sizes?
• If you have paired data and the differences are not normally distributed, which test is appropriate?
• Which of the following is a documented clinical purpose of measurement?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between p-value and alpha?
• Which formula defines the coefficient of variation?
• Which of the following is listed as a study-factor confounding variable in intervention research?
• Which test is a non-parametric method for reliability?
• What is regression toward the mean?
• Bonferroni correction is commonly applied after an ANOVA reveals a significant difference among groups, to control error across multiple comparisons. Which outcome remains the focus of this correction?
• MCID is used to indicate what kind of change?
• Which of the following is a clinical statistic used to interpret meaningful change in patients?
• If the p-value is greater than the alpha level, the conclusion is to:
• Which combination would improve a study's power?
• How do you interpret a 95% CI for a regression coefficient?
• Which statement about non-parametric tests is true?
• Non-parametric statistics are typically used when data are measured on which scales?
• Which statement best describes the difference between nominal and ordinal data?
• Power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when there is a true effect. Which option matches this definition?
• Which statistic is useful for comparing variability across datasets with different units or means?
• Which statement about sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV is correct?
• At the 5% significance level, a p-value of 0.05 is typically treated as significant. What decision does this imply?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes p-value from effect size?
• What is the commonly accepted threshold for power in a study?
• Which statement best describes allocation concealment in randomized trials?
• The primary trade-off when using Bonferroni correction is between
• For interval/ratio data with roughly symmetric distribution, which measures are appropriate?
• Which description best defines a confidence interval?
• In blinding levels, which definition is correct?
• In evaluating a clinical prediction model, which metric measures its ability to correctly separate individuals with and without the outcome?
• Non-parametric statistics are typically associated with which types of measurements?
• Which non-parametric test is appropriate for comparing three or more independent groups on a non-normal distribution?
• What is Rubin's rules used for in multiple imputation?
• What happens to statistical power when sample size increases?
• Which non-parametric test serves as the counterpart to repeated measures ANOVA?
• What is alpha commonly set at?
• If p = 0.18, which interpretation is correct?
• Which of the following is an example of descriptive statistics?
• An example of ordinal data is which of the following?
• In a design with one independent variable having three or more groups, which analysis is appropriate?
• The Mann-Whitney U test is non-parametric and is analogous to which parametric test for independent samples?
• When is post-hoc testing typically used in ANOVA analyses?
• Which statement about power is true?
• Variability refers to which of the following?
• In linear regression, what do the slope and R-squared represent?
• What is best practice for data visualization to avoid misleading conclusions?
• What does the alternative hypothesis state?
• For comparing two related means with continuous data (pre/post), which test is appropriate?
• What does the null hypothesis assume?
• Which summary measures are best suited for nominal data?
• What are the key assumptions of linear regression?
• Which statement about t-tests and comparing means is correct?
• Eye color is an example of which data type?
• The null hypothesis for Friedman's ANOVA states what?
• What can a correlation analyze and what are its limitations?
• What does the effect size quantify in a study?
• Repeated measures ANOVA is described as involving more than how many dependent samples?
• The null hypothesis is best described as?
• What considerations guide sample size calculations for a clinical trial with a binary outcome?
• In the hypothesis testing analogy, the alternative hypothesis assumes the person is not innocent. Which option best describes this Ha?
• Which statement describes a major drawback of the Bonferroni correction?
• Differentiate Pearson and Spearman correlations.
• State the null and alternative hypotheses for a two-sample t-test.